01
📼
Storage Facts & History
IBM 305 RAMAC
51 years to 1TB
$0.02/GB today
02
💾
Types of Storage Media
HDD, SSD, Optical, Flash — each with distinct trade-offs in speed, cost, durability, and capacity.
HDD
SSD / NVMe
Optical
Flash / USB
03
🗂️
File Systems
NTFS, FAT32, APFS, ext4, BtrFS — the structures that organize data on every storage device.
NTFS
ext4
FAT32 / exFAT
APFS
BtrFS
04
🔲
Drive Partitioning
MBR vs GPT, volumes, formatting, and defragmentation — managing the logical structure of physical disks.
MBR
GPT
Formatting
Defrag
05
⚙️
RAID
RAID 0
Speed, no redundancy
Striping
Mirroring
Parity
RAID 10
06
🔬
Emerging Technologies
HAMR pushes HDD density beyond current limits. 3D NAND stacks flash vertically. DNA storage offers 215 PB/gram.
HAMR
3D NAND
DNA Storage
07
🔧
Troubleshooting Hard Drives
Full disk errors, S.M.A.R.T. warnings, clicking sounds, cable checks, and when to call a technician.
S.M.A.R.T.
Click of Death
Disk Cleanup
Cable Check
08
🛟
Data Recovery
Logical vs physical failure, software tools, cleanroom services, and the 3-2-1 backup rule.
Logical Recovery
Cleanroom
3-2-1 Rule
Recuva / R-Studio